Scdl Assignment free essay sample

LIST OF ATTEMPTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : After completion of manufacturing, Jay Jee took following actions :- Correct Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Your Answer Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier , Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Universal Fasteners Ltd. : During the meeting with G. M (Mr. Kaul) Store Keeper Mr. Bapat informed that purchases were made from :- Correct Answer Several sources Your Answer Several sources Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : One of the following is not a variable overhead:- Correct Answer Space Your Answer Space True/False Question This Question refers to Uday Electroplating Shop : As per cost figures collected, Expected volume of work on special equipment next year is 10,000 Nos. We will write a custom essay sample on Scdl Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. : In the existing method, the scarp generated in processes like machining was stored in :- Correct Answer Scrap yard Your Answer Scrap yard Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Anonymous letter received by M. D. Need to justify Need to justify This question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Ltd. : Senior buyers Seen in top hotels with suppliers No material facts to support the arguments Reason for failure to onvince the Board of Directors No material facts to support the arguments No confidence in Material manager and Senior buyers Lot of items on the agenda Need to be concise and to the point Need to be concise and to the point Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : The new items contracted by the company are handled by the development department for :- Correct Answer Submission of samples , Manufacture of one or two production lots , Transfer to manufacturing department for regular roduction, after successful development Your Answer Submission of samples , Manufacture of one or two production lots , Transfer to manufacturing department for regular production, after successful development Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : The company has well established machine shop having more than 150 machines and :- Correct Answer A heat treatment shop , Metrology section , Packing section Your Answer A heat treatment shop , Metrology section , Packing section Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Gujrat Engineering company Limited : The company also executes :- Correct Answer Rush orders Your Answer Rush orders Select The Blank Question This Question refers to Uday Electroplating Shop :The owner finds it ________ to get part time employees when there is heavy work load. Correct Answer Difficult Your Answer Difficult Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers :Kalpak Engineers have contracted from a boiler company manufacturing of 500 nos of stay bolt. In the manufacturing process grinding operation is carried out on following machine :- Correct Answer Cylindrical grinder Your Answer Cylindrical grinder Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : Process sheet for exhaust manifold provides following information:- Correct Answer Jigs and fixtures required Your Answer Jigs and fixtures required Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : The company supplies components to :- Correct Answer Automobile industries , Printing machines , Machine tool amp; process equipment industries Your Answer Automobile industries , Printing machines , Machine tool process equipment industries True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : Mr. Sen noticed that each worker was provided with the drawing of the component. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Multiple Choice Multipl e Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Eagle Machine Company : Cost of running Sallys department is Rs 3,70,000 per year. This is on account of :- Correct Answer Salaries , Fringes , Expenses Your Answer Salaries , Fringes , Expenses Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : After the introduction of scheme, shop floor manager has complained of pressure from workmen for ________. Correct Answer Overtime Your Answer Overtime Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Test of viability of standards Production study Production study This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Guaranteed time wage Scanlon Plan Predetermined Method Time standards Base wage rate Job Evaluation Work Measurement Fixation of Performance standard Work Measurement Job Evaluation Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : Jones had been brought in by a management consultant to ________ the departments buying activities. Correct Answer Centralize Your Answer Centralize Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : It was decided to modify the existing layout of the plant in the year :- Correct Answer 1972 Your Answer 1972 Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Gujrat Engineering company Limited : The company has received a special order where :- Correct Answer A special cylinder is to be manufactured. , The item is to be manufactured from a hollow bored forging , Fastest delivery is requested Your Answer A special cylinder is to be manufactured. , The item is to be manufactured from a hollow bored forging , Fastest delivery is requested Select The Blank Question This question refer to the case on Allied Industries Pvt Ltd : One of the assumptions of the case is- other incidental costs (e. g. paper work, Transport charges for acquiring and regrinding thread roll) are ________. Correct Answer Negligible Your Answer Low Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : The ________ furniture is sold through distributors. Correct Answer Standard Your Answer Standard Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : It is a :- Correct Answer Light engineering company Your Answer Light engineering company True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : The average efficiency on the other components currently being produced is around 75%. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : The process involves the use of :- Correct Answer HMT M-2V machine , HMT-2U machine , Investa Pillar drill Your Answer HMT M-2V machine , HMT-2U machine , Investa Pillar drill Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : Jigs and fixtures once provided will be able to maintain accuracy up to about ________ pieces. Correct Answer 20000 Your Answer 20000 True/False Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : It is difficult to install an incentive scheme and easy to withdraw when desired. Correct Answer False Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : The operation time for C sunk 14 dia holes on both sides is 0. 50 per piece. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : Problems got created due to :- Correct Answer Added work load in purchasing , Divided buying responsibilities , Number of inexperienced buyers Your Answer Added work load in purchasing , Divided buying responsibilities , Number of inexperienced buyers Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. : The company is faced with following problems :- Correct Answer Choice of Location Your Answer Choice of Plant machinery Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Following is the information requirement for using CPM/PERT techniques:- Correct Answer List of activities , Activity duration , Precedent relationship of the activities Your Answer List of activities , Activity duration , Person responsible for activity completion Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : The success of an incentive plan to a large extent depends on the following factor:- Correct Answer Quality of performance standard Your Answer Production Planning and Control system Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Following systems are prerequisites for an incentive scheme:- Correct Answer Good production planning and control system , Good Inspection and quality control system , Sound system of accounting operators daily output Your Answer Good production planning and control system , Good Inspection and quality control system , Sound system of accounting operators daily output Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : The problem envisages determining the rate of ________ before and after improvement in the existing method. Correct Answer Production Your Answer Speed Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : The problems reported are :- Correct Answer Delays in placing orders , Frequently late deliveries , Incorrect ordering quantities Your Answer Delays in placing orders , Frequently late deliveries , Incorrect ordering quantities Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Following practice if prevalent, must be eliminated to guarantee success of wage incentive scheme :- Correct Answer Overtime Your Answer Encashment of leave True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Universal Fasteners Ltd. : The organization has reputation for poor deliveries. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Use of Network Techniques beside computing project duration also helps in the following :- Correct Answer Possibilities of reducing project duration Your Answer Computing manpower requirement Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : This case is concerned with following element of production planning:- Correct Answer Routing Your Answer Scheduling Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : The machines were completed by Kay Jee :- Correct Answer Within the stipulated delivery period Your Answer Within the stipulated delivery period Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : The pedestal grinder mounted on the huge work table, gives out ________ and blows out dust. Correct Answer Sparks Your Answer Sparks Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : In machining Exhaust Manifold, no cutting oil is required as the material is ________. Correct Answer Cast iron Your Answer Plastic Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Success of wage incentive plans to a large extent depends on the ________ of performance standards. Correct Answer Quality Your Answer Quality True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : The cost of foundry reject is borne by the company. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Ltd : As per summary of purchases of the last year, Material cost as a proportion of sales is 26%. Correct Answer False Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : The executives were entitled for incentive bonus. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : Number of work stations are to be decided based on assumption that monthly off take is ________ numbers. Correct Answer 8000 Your Answer 8000 Cases in Operation Management LIST OF ATTEMPTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : Tom Jones has been hired as Purchasing director for a company hich is a :- Correct Answer Medium sized food products firm Your Answer Medium sized food products firm Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : The company is engaged in design and manufacture of wooden furniture. The critical factor in acceptance of furniture is :- Correct Answer Quality Your Answer Quality Select The Blank Question This quest ion refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Overtime must be ________ to guarantee the success of the wage incentive scheme. Correct Answer Eliminative Your Answer Eliminative True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : Kay Jee dispatched the consignment as per the terms of the order. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : Operation details are as follows :- Correct Answer Drill and ream 3 holes, 14 mm dia , Deburr , Mill 2 slots 28 mm wide Your Answer Deburr , Mill 2 slots 28 mm wide Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Machine shop congested with semi-processed material kept in the bins and components lying on he floors all around. Shortage of space Shortage of space This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : Measuring instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers or gauges Shared by operators Calibrated in Quality control department of the Company Unispected lots Processed Identifiable by tags and markings Responsibility of oiling /greasing Maintenance department Maintenance de partment True/False Question This question refers to Automotive Gears Private Limited : The table given in the case study gives approximate machine hour rate for each indicated machine. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Project duration can always be reduced by deploying additional recourses. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles :The option of shifting the workshop to another location at the outskirts of the city was shelved because :- Correct Answer Company was likely to lose business of spare parts and service of old cars Your Answer Company was likely to lose business of spare parts and service of old cars Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :Industrial relations climate at all the proposed locations is ________ for production. Correct Answer Conductive Your Answer Conductive Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : The huge work table placed outside the machine shop can be used to carry out :- Correct Answer Debarring work , Cleaning work , Filing work Your Answer Filing work , Debarring work , Cleaning work Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : The proprietor is a :- Correct Answer Technical person Your Answer Technical person True/False Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : It is difficult to install an incentive scheme and easy to withdraw when desired. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Success of wage incentive plans to a large extent epends on the ________ of performance standards. Correct Answer Quality Your Answer Quality Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to Automotive Gears Private Limited : It manufactures a wide variety of :- Correct Answer Gears shafts Your Answer Gears shafts Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :Following items are readily available at all the three locations :- Correct Answer Raw materials , Scrap , Foundry chemicals Your Answer Raw materials , Scrap , Foundry chemicals Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : Jones had been brought in by a management consultant to ________ the departments buying activities. Correct Answer Centralize Your Answer Centralize Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers :Kalpak Engineers have contracted from a boiler company manufacturing of 500 nos of stay bolt. In the manufacturing process grinding operation is carried out on following machine :- Correct Answer Cylindrical grinder Your Answer Cylindrical grinder Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : The cost of manufacturing has increased due to :- Correct Answer Blockage of funds in inventory , Longer manufacturing cycle time , Poor quality of products Your Answer Blockage of funds in inventory , Longer manufacturing cycle time , Poor quality of products Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : This case is on make-buy decision for an item. Name of that item is one of the below :- Correct Answer Exhaust Manifold Your Answer Exhaust Manifold Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : The purchase of steel was done exclusively by :- Correct Answer One buyer Your Answer One buyer Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : An incentive plan can be considered as a tool for following:- Correct Answer Increase productivity , Create more capacity , Reduce manufacturing costs Your Answer Increase productivity , Create more capacity , Reduce manufacturing costs Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Inspection Dimensional accuracy Dimensional accuracy The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : First operation Saw off Saw off Consecutive operations Copy turning machine Copy turning machine Last machining operation Thread rolling Thread rolling Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : In the case for all machining operations following data on time is furnished:- Correct Answer Setup time and standard time separately Your Answer Setup time and standard time separately Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : Number of work stations are to be decided based on assumption that monthly off take is ________ numbers. Correct Answer 8000 Your Answer 8000 Select The Blank Question This question refer to the case on Allied Industries Pvt Ltd : Allied Industries Pvt ltd is a small ________ concern with 25 workmen. Correct Answer Proprietary Your Answer Proprietary Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. : Production or Quality department decide when these become surplus/obsolete :- Correct Answer Part , Component , Item Your Answer Part , Component , Material Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Limited : Vice President ( Commercials) called the Materials Manager Mr. Khan and informed him that an anonymous letter was received which mentioned :- Correct Answer Corruption in purchase department Your Answer Corruption in purchase department Select The Blank Question This question refers to Automotive Gears Private Limited : The company produces items for ________ manufacturers. Correct Answer Automobile Your Answer Gear Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Following are some of the shortcomings of scanlon plan:- Correct Answer It rewards workers even if increase in sales is due to factor like price increase , The plan does not recognize individual efforts , The increase in labour cost due to wage agreement may result in lesser incentive bonus to the workmen Your Answer It rewards workers even if increase in sales is due to factor like price increase , The plan does not recognize individual efforts , The increase in labour cost due to wage agreement may result in lesser incentive bonus to the workmen , The plan is very complex to administer Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : In Scanlon Plan all employees receive guaranteed ________ wages. Correct Answer Time Your Answer Minimum True/False Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : The activities performed by the operator are listed on the practitioners data sheet. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : It is economical to continue subcontracting the machining of Exhaust Manifold to vendors. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Duration of project can be reduced if duration of an activity on ________ path is reduced. Correct Answer Critical Your Answer Critical Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : Enroute to Delhi, the truck collided with an incoming ________. Correct Answer Tractor Trailer Your Answer Tractor Trailer True/False Question This Question refers to Uday Electroplating Shop : As per cost figures collected, Expected volume of work on special equipment next year is 10,000 Nos. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : After completion of manufacturing, Jay Jee took following actions :- Correct Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Your Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : Process sheet does not provide following data:- Correct Answer Shift Your Answer Shift Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : Balancing weights are manufactured using facilities arranged in :- Correct Answer Process type of layout Your Answer Process type of layout Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : The company is manned by :- Correct Answer Professional managers Your Answer Professional managers Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :The location of plant has been narrowed down to following locations :- Correct Answer Kolhapur , Ahmedabad , Coimbatore Your Answer Kolhapur , Ahmedabad , Coimbatore Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Following are the some of the important features of incentive plans:- Correct Answer Method of calculating incentive , Period of payment , Determination of performance standard Your Answer Method of calculating incentive , Basis of wage payment , Determination of performance standard Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Weldtech India Private Ltd proposes to manufacture following products:- Correct Answer General purpose welding electrodes Your Answer General purpose welding electrodes Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : Haphazard parking of cars inside the workshop, leads to ________ movements. Correct Answer Unproductive Your Answer Unproductive Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : The consultant made following recommendations :- Correct Answer Creation of industrial engineering department , Methods improvement fixation of performance standards , Introduction of incentive scheme Your Answer Creation of industrial engineering department , Methods improvement fixation of performance standards , Introduction of incentive scheme Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : This case is concerned with following element of production planning:- Correct Answer Routing Your Answer Routing True/False Question This question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Ltd : As per summary of purchases of the last year, Material cost as a proportion of sales is 26%. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Cases in operation mgmt ALPANA True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : It is economical to continue subcontracting the machining of Exhaust Manifold to vendors. Correct Answer False Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case of National Engineering Co. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : Following is One apparent saving if the machining is done at the companys own plant:- Correct Answer Sale of scrap Your Answer Transport cost Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : The purchase of steel was done exclusively by :- Correct Answer One buyer Your Answer One buyer Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Gujrat Engineering company Limited : The forged cylinder ordered on new vendor :- Correct Answer Was received on schedule , Was priced 15 % lower than the price of the previous supplier , Had missed out carrying out some machining operations Your Answer Was received on schedule , Was priced 15 % lower than the price of the previous supplier , Had missed out carrying out some machining operations Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refer to the case on Allied Industries Pvt Ltd : Variable cost consists of the following :- Correct Answer Cost of a pair thread roll , Regrinding charges on thread roll , Power cost Your Answer Employee cost , Cost of a pair thread roll , Regrinding charges on thread roll Select The Blank Question This question refers to Automotive Gears Private Limited : The case study requires calculation of set up ________ for the job. Correct Answer Cost Your Answer Feature Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Shop floor mangers pressurized to give Overtime Lot of effort This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : Qualifying amount shall be raised with Increase in sales price Total output in terms of value of production Incentive will be paid on Basic salary of each employee Increase in sales price Basis of payment on Total output in terms of value of production Basic salary of each employee Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : The table given in the case study gives details of activities and expected time for the same. It requires construction of :- Correct Answer Network diagram of the activities Your Answer Network diagram of the activities Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Equipment cost Capital recovery factor Threaded nut This question refer to the case on Allied Industries Pvt Ltd. : Variable cost Power cost Power cost Fixed cost Space cost Capital recovery Item Sealing pump Sealing pump Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : The volume of growth tripled due to ________ management. Correct Answer Aggressive Your Answer Aggressive Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : One of the operations recently studied by the methods study practitioner at this company concerns is :- Correct Answer Cutting of groove in a sliding gear Your Answer Cutting of groove in a sliding gear Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : It was decided to modify the existing layout of the plant in the year :- Correct Answer 1972 Your Answer 1972 True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : MD has agreed to carry out modification of existing plant. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of The Gujrat Engineering company Limited : A compromise was finally reached in which the supplier agreed to ________ the cancellation charges. Correct Answer Withdraw Your Answer Absorb Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Following are some of the shortcomings of scanlon plan:- Correct Answer It rewards workers even if increase in sales is due to factor like price increase , The plan does not recognize individual efforts , The increase in labour cost due to wage agreement may result in lesser incentive bonus to the workmen Your Answer It rewards workers even if increase in sales is due to factor like price increase , The plan does not recognize individual efforts , The increase in labour cost due to wage agreement may result in lesser incentive bonus to the workmen True/False Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : The activities performed by the operator are listed on the practitioners data sheet. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. :The rates of scrap were reviewed from time to time. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Eagle Machine Company : The purchase department is responsible only for buying and ________. Correct Answer Expediting Your Answer Inspection Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : Problems got created due to :- Correct Answer Added work load in purchasing , Divided buying responsibilities , Number of inexperienced buyers Your Answer Added work load in purchasing , Divided buying responsibilities , Number of inexperienced buyers Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of National Engineering Co : GM commented that every department in this company competes with others in matter of :- Correct Answer Inefficiency Your Answer Inefficiency Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Incentive schemes can not be considered to be a substitute of the following:- Correct Answer Poor management Your Answer Low manufacturing cost True/False Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. : Skilled manpower at worker level is not available in plenty at Kolhapur. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : Presently the raw castings are procured by UTPL and given to machining to three vendors. If UTPL has to manufacture Exhaust Manifold in house it would have to provide one of the following: Correct Answer New jigs and fixtures Your Answer Additional machines Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : The cycle time per piece to perform the set of activities listed adds up to ________. Correct Answer 2. 30 minutes Your Answer 1. 9 minutes Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to Automotive Gears Private Limited : The spline Grinding machine is used for operation :- Correct Answer Spline Grind (sectionAA) , Spline Grind (sectionBB) , Spline Grind (sectionCC) Your Answer Spline Grind (sectionAA) , Spline Grind (sectionBB) Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Eagle Machine Company : The Marketing Manager ________ the finished stock. Correct Answer Controls Your Answer Buys Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : The product range includes :- Correct Answer Sofa , Dressing tables , Office tables Your Answer Office tables , Sofa True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : The cost of foundry reject is borne by the company. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Select The Blank Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : Raw material in the form of bar stock is supplied by the ________. Correct Answer Customer Your Answer Stockiest Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Use of Network Techniques beside computing project duration also helps in the following :- Correct Answer Possibilities of reducing project duration Your Answer Computing manpower requirement Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Eagle Machine Company : The company is facing following problem :- Correct Answer Sales are declining Your Answer Sales are declining Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : The consultant made following recommendations :- Correct Answer Creation of industrial engineering department , Methods improvement ; fixation of performance standards , Introduction of incentive scheme Your Answer Creation of industrial engineering department , Methods improvement ; fixation of performance standards , Introduction of incentive scheme Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of National Engineering Co. : As per GM, the route cause of this non-sensical situation is lack of :- Correct Answer Co-ordination Your Answer Co-ordination Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Delays in completion of ________ would increase Project cost. Correct Answer Project Your Answer Indirect Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : As per Jones, the new ________ procedures were sound. Correct Answer Purchasing Your Answer Quality True/False Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Under Scanlon Plan employee is paid incentive bonus based on individual efforts and additional output. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : The pedestal grinder mounted on the huge work table, gives out ________ and blows out dust. Correct Answer Sparks Your Answer Smells True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : Mr. Sen was informed by Mr. Ravikant, Materials Manager that counting is not necessary at every stage as they count at the initial stage and since their workers and supervisors are experienced, they can easily identify the components at each stage of production. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : The Presidents memorandum says :- Correct Answer We have treated this supplier unfairly , He would like to see if his complaint is justified , The Vendors letter suggests that we do not have a policy on evaluating our vendors Your Answer We have treated this supplier unfairly , He would like to see if his complaint is justified , The Vendors letter suggests that we do not have a policy on evaluating our vendors Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : The agreement mentioned that Incentive amount will be paid along with ________. Correct Answer Wages Your Answer Wages Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Gujrat Engineering company Limited : The company has received a special order where :- Correct Answer A special cylinder is to be manufactured. The item is to be manufactured from a hollow bored forging , Fastest delivery is requested Your Answer A special cylinder is to be manufactured. , The item is to be manufactured from a hollow bored forging , Fastest delivery is requested Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : The contract with Kay Jee Hydraulics Ltd was agreed with following terms ; conditions :- Correct Answer Price per unit FOR Bombay , Delivery 10-12 weeks after receipt of buyers confirmed order , Payment 60 days after dispatch of material Your Answer Price per unit FOR Bombay , Delivery 10-12 weeks after receipt of buyers confirmed order , Payment 60 days after dispatch of material Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Limited : Khan had used a paper to deliver a talk to his senior buyers. This paper contained :- Correct Answer Summary of purchases Your Answer Summary of purchases True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Universal Fasteners Ltd. : Mr. Sharma, Production Engineer informed Mr. Kaul that Hardening ; Tempering was the last operation. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Following are the activities involved in employee selection for WIPL :- Correct Answer Release of advertisement , Finalize job profile , Selecting candidates Your Answer Release of advertisement , Finalize job profile , Selecting candidates Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : After completion of manufacturing, Jay Jee took following actions :- Correct Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Your Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier LIST OF ATTEMPTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AMIT CHUG True/False Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : Set up time for the machines is not more than an hour in the case. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Project duration can always be reduced by deploying additional recourses. Correct Answer False Your Answer True True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : As extra capacity can be generated by starting an additional shift, hence fixed overheads are sizable. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : The success of an incentive plan to a large extent depends on the following factor:- Correct Answer Quality of performance standard Your Answer Production Planning and Control system Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : In order to save time in construction the management purchased a ________. Correct Answer Factory-building Your Answer Godown Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of National Engineering Co. Correct Answer Despatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Your Answer Despatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier True/False Question This Question refers to the case Suyog Udyog : The operation time for C sunk 14 dia holes on both sides is 0. 50 per piece. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Duration of project can be reduced if duration of an activity on ________ path is reduced. Correct Answer Critical Your Answer Non critical Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : Entire shop floor was ________ due to piles of work in progress. Correct Answer Congested Your Answer Overflowing Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. : The company is faced with following problems :- Correct Answer Choice of Location Your Answer Choice of Location True/False Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Work sampling and production studies can be used to test viability of the performance standards. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : This company was acquired by Das Group of Industries. Mr. Mohit Sen,(head of Business planning function in the corporate office) was visiting the factory as its :- Correct Answer Turn over was stagnating Your Answer Turn over was stagnating Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Limited : The writer of anonymous letter :- Correct Answer Is a share holder of the company , Has the interest of the shareholders of the company , Wants the Company to put a stop before it is too late Your Answer Is a share holder of the company , Has the interest of the shareholders of the company , Wants the Company to put a stop before it is too late Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : After completion of manufacturing, Jay Jee took following actions :- Correct Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Your Answer Dispatched the consignment by Express Roadlines by truck , Raised the Hundi for the invoiced amount , Did not send the consignment by Hansas designated carrier Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. : Other material considered to be scrap/obsolete is :- Correct Answer Packing material , Maintenance spares , Parts/components Your Answer Packing material , Maintenance spares , Parts/components True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : The order has been finalized from a leading engineering firm. Correct Answer False Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. : Skilled manpower at worker level is not available in plenty at Kolhapur. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : For manufacturing Stay Bolt following machines are planned:- Correct Answer Copying Lathe , Radial Drilling Machine , Thread Rolling machine Your Answer Turret Lathe , Copying Lathe , Radial Drilling Machine True/False Question This Question refers to the case of National Engineering Co. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : Battery charger placed on one end of table creates ________. Correct Answer Nuisance Your Answer Nuisance Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : The agreement mentioned that Incentive amount will be paid along with ________. Correct Answer Wages Your Answer Ex gratia Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : The table given in the case study gives details of activities and expected time for the same. It requires construction of :- Correct Answer Network diagram of the activities Your Answer Network diagram of the activities Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : Enroute to Delhi, the truck collided with an incoming ________. Correct Answer Tractor Trailer Your Answer Contract Bus Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : Customers complaints were on the rise, mainly due to :- Correct Answer Delay in deliveries Your Answer Delay in deliveries Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : As per consultants, problems are due to following reasons :- Correct Answer Material flow (Cars) is not smooth , A major chunk of productive time is lost in obtaining replacement of spares from stores. , Too often, helpers are found busy in transferring parts from work table to a hand trolley. Your Answer Material flow (Cars) is not smooth , A major chunk of productive time is lost in obtaining replacement of spares from stores. , Too often, helpers are found busy in transferring parts from work table to a hand trolley. Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Responsibility for Monthly report on any rejected/obsolete/non-moving items Production /Marketing department Store Manager This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. : Decision whether material is obsolete or otherwise Store Manager With held for the time being Disposal of waste/obsolete material Once a year Three times a year Storage of scrap material in scrap yard Without identification or any records of quantities Production /Marketing department Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :Parveen Kumar proposed to set up a :- Correct Answer Cast Iron foundry Your Answer Cast Iron foundry Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Anonymous letter received by M. D. Need to justify Seen in top hotels with suppliers This question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Ltd. : Senior buyers Seen in top hotels with suppliers Need to be concise and to the point Reason for failure to convince the Board of Directors No material facts to support the arguments No material facts to support the arguments Lot of items on the agenda Need to be concise and to the point No confidence in Material manager and Senior buyers Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Overtime must be ________ to guarantee the success of the wage incentive scheme. Correct Answer Eliminative Your Answer Controlled Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Limited : Vice President ( Commercials) called the Materials Manager Mr. Khan and informed him that an anonymous letter was received which mentioned :- Correct Answer Corruption in purchase department Your Answer Corruption in purchase department Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Following are the some of the important features of incentive plans:- Correct Answer Method of calculating incentive , Period of payment , Determination of performance standard Your Answer Method of calculating incentive , Period of payment , Basis of wage payment Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Use of Network Techniques beside computing project duration also helps in the following :- Correct Answer Possibilities of reducing project duration Your Answer Computing manpower requirement Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Incentive schemes can not be considered to be a substitute of the following:- Correct Answer Poor management Your Answer Low manufacturing cost Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : In machining Exhaust Manifold, no cutting oil is required as the material is ________. Correct Answer Cast iron Your Answer Steel Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : If annual requirement of finished part is 20,000 nos and machine rejection allowance is 5%. The cost of casting for the Exhaust Manifold is Rs. 10/unit. And value of scrap is 3000 Rs. The material cost if the Exhaust Manifold is manufactured in-house is (figures assumed):- Correct Answer Rs 207,000 Your Answer Rs 197,000 Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : The firm is :- Correct Answer A proprietary firm , Engaged in manufacture of spur gears , Engaged in manufacture of helical gear Your Answer A proprietary firm , Engaged in manufacture of spur gears , Engaged in manufacture of helical gear Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : If the Exhaust Manifold is manufactured in house, following costs wll increase:- Correct Answer Cost of power , Cost of labour , Cost of consumables like grease, lubricant Your Answer Cost of power , Cost of labour , Cost of consumables like grease, lubricant Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : The company supplies components to :- Correct Answer Automobile industries , Printing machines , Machine tool process equipment industries Your Answer Automobile industries , Printing machines , Machine tool process equipment industries Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : Following are the operations involved in manufacturing stay bolt in the case:- Correct Answer Copy turning , Thread Rolling , Drilling Your Answer Threading , Copy turning , Thread Rolling Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : The company contracted with Kay Jee Hydraulics Ltd. Bombay for supply of :- Correct Answer Filtering Transfer machines Your Answer Filtering Transfer machines Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : The suppliers bid was not accepted because :- Correct Answer It was not the lowest Your Answer It was not the lowest Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to Automotive Gears Private Limited : For Hob splines Operations, it uses :- Correct Answer Cleaveland Hobbing machine , Newark Hobbing machine , Thread Milling machine Your Answer Cleaveland Hobbing machine , Newark Hobbing machine , Thread Milling machine Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers :Kalpak Engineers have contracted from a boiler company manufacturing of 500 nos of stay bolt. In the manufacturing process grinding operation is carried out on following machine :- Correct Answer Cylindrical grinder Your Answer Cylindrical grinder Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Universal Fasteners Ltd. : In the tempering process of studs, the ________ was reduced to 25-28 HRC. Correct Answer Hardness Your Answer Thickness True/False Question This question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Ltd : As per summary of purchases of the last year, Material cost as a proportion of sales is 26%. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : In the case for all machining operations following data on time is furnished:- Correct Answer Setup time and standard time separately Your Answer Setup time and standard time separately Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : Process sheet does not provide following data:- Correct Answer Shift Your Answer Shift LIST OF ATTEMPTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MAYANK GOYAL Multiple Choice Single Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : This case is concerned with following element of production planning:- Correct Answer Routing Your Answer Routing Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Geer Company : Problems got created due to :- Correct Answer Added work load in purchasing , Divided buying responsibilities , Number of inexperienced buyers Your Answer Added work load in purchasing , Divided buying responsibilities , Number of inexperienced buyers Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : Power consumption cost is considered as :- Correct Answer Variable overhead cost Your Answer Fixed Cost True/False Question This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : The executives were entitled for incentive bonus. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case of K. T Gears : The activities performed by the operator are listed on the practitioners data sheet. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : project planning/scheduling techniques are called by following names:- Correct Answer CPM , PERT , Network Analysis Your Answer CPM , PERT , Network Analysis Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Northern Machinery Limited : Materials Manager informed V. P. that the letter must have been written by supplier affected by :- Correct Answer New buying policies Your Answer New buying policies Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Classic Engineering Components Ltd. : The company supplies components to :- Correct Answer Automobile industries , Printing machines , Machine tool ; process equipment industries Your Answer Automobile industries , Printing machines , Machine tool ; process equipment industries True/False Question This Question refers to the case of The Irate Vendor : The President knows that some changes in purchasing policy are bei ng planned. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : Entire shop floor was ________ due to piles of work in progress. Correct Answer Congested Your Answer Congested True/False Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : The cost of foundry reject is borne by the company. Correct Answer True Your Answer True True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. :The rates of scrap were reviewed from time to time. Correct Answer False Your Answer False Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Shop floor mangers pressurized to give Overtime Lot of effort This Question refers to the case Quality Gauges Pvt. Ltd. : Qualifying amount shall be raised with Increase in sales price Increase in sales price Incentive will be paid on Basic salary of each employee Overtime Basis of payment on Total output in terms of value of production Basic salary of each employee Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Artwood Products : The ________ furniture is sold through distributors. Correct Answer Standard Your Answer Made to order Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : Jigs and fixtures once provided will be able to maintain accuracy up to about ________ pieces. Correct Answer 20000 Your Answer 5000 Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Success of wage incentive plans to a large extent depends on the ________ of performance standards. Correct Answer Quality Your Answer Quality Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : Battery charger placed on one end of table creates ________. Correct Answer Nuisance Your Answer Nuisance Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : The new items contracted by the company are handled by the development department for :- Correct Answer Submission of samples , Manufacture of one or two production lots , Transfer to manufacturing department for regular production, after successful development Your Answer Submission of samples , Manufacture of one or two production lots , Transfer to manufacturing department for regular production, after successful development Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :Industrial relations climate at all the proposed locations is ________ for production. Correct Answer Conductive Your Answer Favourable Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : Following are the operations involved in manufacturing stay bolt in the case:- Correct Answer Copy turning , Thread Rolling , Drilling Your Answer Copy turning , Thread Rolling , Drilling True/False Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Under Scanlon Plan employee is paid incentive bonus based on individual efforts and additional output. Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :The location of plant has been narrowed down to following locations :- Correct Answer Kolhapur , Ahmedabad , Coimbatore Your Answer Kolhapur , Ahmedabad , Coimbatore Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of The Gujrat Engineering company Limited : The company also executes :- Correct Answer Rush orders Your Answer Rush orders Select The Blank Question This question refers to case on Morbay Engineering Works (MEW) : Incentive scheme is a tool to create ________ capacity, increase productivity and reduce manufacturing costs. Correct Answer More Your Answer Additional Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : If the Exhaust Manifold is to be manufactured in house, following are the requirements:- Correct Answer Additional manpower , New jigs and fixtures , Additional shift Your Answer New jigs and fixtures , Additional shift , Additional manpower Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Eagle Machine Company : The company is facing following problem :- Correct Answer Sales are declining Your Answer Sales are declining Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Divgi Metalwares Private Limited : As per the Activity description given in the table, Preparation of operational layout activity affects following activities :- Correct Answer Design and draft hobbing fixture , Procure plug gauge , Procure ring gauge Your Answer Design and draft hobbing fixture , Procure plug gauge , Procure ring gauge Match The Following Question Correct Answer Your Answer Inspection Dimensional accuracy Copy turning machine The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : First operation Saw off Saw off Consecutive operations Copy turning machine Grinding Last machining operation Thread rolling Sampling Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :Following items are readily available at all the three locations :- Correct Answer Raw materials , Scrap , Foundry chemicals Your Answer Raw materials , Scrap , Foundry chemicals Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to Uday Electroplating Shop : It is a small Proprietary concern and :- Correct Answer Has only three employees , Only one has knowledge and skill of electroplating , Workmen work for max 61/2 hours Your Answer Has only three employees , Only one has knowledge and skill of electroplating , Workmen work for max 61/2 hours True/False Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Project duration can always be reduced by deploying additional recourses. Correct Answer False Your Answer True Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL) : Weldtech India Private Ltd proposes to manufacture following products:- Correct Answer General purpose welding electrodes Your Answer General purpose welding electrodes Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Universal Fasteners Ltd. : Heat Treatment process for the studs involves two operations viz :- Correct Answer Hardening Tempering Your Answer Hardening Tempering Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case Indus Foundries Ltd. :In the proposed plant, heating of charge is to be done by :- Correct Answer Induction furnace Your Answer Induction furnace Select The Blank Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. : The disposal of material was done on ________ basis. Correct Answer Weight Your Answer Piece rate Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Autogears Private Limited : The management is interested in the following :- Correct Answer Improved method of working Your Answer Improved method of working Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Universal Fasteners Ltd. : Mr Banerjee, Manager Quality informed Mr. Kaul that :- Correct Answer Raw Material received was without test certificate and was not inspected by the inspector , Laid down procedure for processes of heat treatment, painting etc. are not followed due to heavy labour turnover and frequent work allocation , Management has been requested to get the crack detection machine repaired. Your Answer Raw Material received was without test certificate and was not inspected by the inspector , Laid down procedure for processes of heat treatment, painting etc. are not followed due to heavy labour turnover and frequent work allocation , Management has been requested to get the crack detection machine repaired. Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Kerson Automobiles : Cars are manually pushed over the wooden stand placed in the major repairs section because of :- Correct Answer Absence of the underground pit Your Answer Absence of the underground pit Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question The question refer to the case on Kalpak Engineers : For manufacturing Stay Bolt following machines are planned:- Correct Answer Copying Lathe , Radial Drilling Machine , Thread Rolling machine Your Answer Copying Lathe , Radial Drilling Machine , Thread Rolling machine True/False Question This Question refers to the case of Narmada Electricals Ltd. Mr. Jain proposed that for accounting of material, and to carry out other task, two additional clerks shall be recruited Correct Answer True Your Answer True Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This question refers to case on Uma Tools Pvt Ltd (UTPL) : For calculating fixed labour cost following data is required:- Correct Answer Set up time for operation , Labour hour rate , No of production runs per year Your Answer Set up time for operation , Labour hour rate , No of production runs per year Multiple Choice Multiple Answer Question This Question refers to the case of Hansa Tractomotive Ltd. : The contract with Kay Jee Hydraulics Ltd was agreed with following terms conditions :- Correct Answer Price per unit FOR Bombay , Delivery 10-12 weeks after receipt of buyers confirmed order , Payment 60 days after dispatch of material Your Answer Price per unit FOR Bombay , Delivery 10-12 weeks after receipt of buyers confirmed order , Payment 60 days after dispatch of material Multiple Choice Single Answer Question This question refers to case on Weldtech India Pvt Ltd (WIPL)

Which group in the society i am part of Essays

Which group in the society i am part of Essays Which group in the society i am part of Essay Which group in the society i am part of Essay Augusta it was when I was 8 that my parents took the decision to move to India, so that I could experience and be a part of the culture that they felt was essential for my upbringing. On moving to India, I had to live with my aged grandmother. Being extremely traditional, she insisted on eating on the floor, having a bath in the verandah and playing traditional games. Often I would be forced to play endless games of loud with her. Many a times it would be impossible for me to call friends ever owing to the embarrassment she would cause me. But all this did more good to me than bad. My experiences made me very mutable, inherently whether I liked it or not, I learnt to adjust in situations no matter how bad or untoward they seemed. India, on its own is a cultural kaleidoscope. I was bound to meet new people and learn new things. Being subjected to such cultural diversity made me appreciate the cultural heritage of various religions and groups in the society. Ate different types of DOD, prayed to an array of gods, wore a variety of clothes and interacted with people from around the world. As a result I was an amalgamation of various groups that existed in the society. This taught me that allotting a person to one group was rather impractical. A person is defined by the morals and characteristics that he has learnt over his lifetime. If asked to define the group I belong to in one line it would be a lot like Ameri can born> Indian ancestry > Hindu > Chinese food > basketball

Jean-michel Basquiat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jean-michel Basquiat - Essay Example His artistic out-put was later described as Neo-Expressionism ( Etier, 2010), defined as :- Although he no longer lived on the streets in his later years, the graffiti influence was always there in Basquiat’s works, as was evidence of his place as part of the African diaspora. He was also a drug user and often the works were also created under the influence of drugs. His work moved on from pure graffiti into other areas, so he became hard to fit into just one category. His work ‘Flexible’(1984) has been called ‘a bridge between traditional tribal art, graffiti art and modern socio-political propaganda ‘ and so crosses many boundaries (Rakaa 2013) or acts to give these differing genres some unity. Basquiat was precocious, in that his artistic genius flourished and was recognised very early when he was still in his early twenties, especially after he participated in a joint exhibition alongside other young artists of the time in 1980 ( Brooklyn Museum, 2014), but his artistic life, his whole life, ended with his early tragic death in 1988, still in his twenties. He was considered black, yet had few black friends, and according to Hoban, did not want to be known as a black artist, but as a famous artist. With that end in mind he was driven to produce thousands of images, not only on conventional surfaces such as canvas, card and paper, but also on the easily available surfaces of a variety of found objects, such as refrigerator doors, book margins and elsewhere ( Brooklyn Museum, 2014). The word Graffiti most commonly refers to writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illegally on a surface in a public place. It can also be said to refer to a style or group of styles, even if produced licitly, as for instance to decorate a youth centre on even on line as in Graffiti Creator ( undated) . Some people think the art form began in New York in the late 1960s, whereas others associate it with the Second World War, but it is

The Use of Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient by Messina and Coyne Term Paper

The Use of Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient by Messina and Coyne - Term Paper Example From this research it is clear that in statistics the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (SRCC), also known as the Spearman’s rho, is greatly used. This provision derives its name from Charles Spearman and may be denoted by symbols rs or P. Maturi and Abdelfattah clearly explain that as a non-parametric measure used to gauge statistical independence that may exist between two variables, the Spearman’s rho is used to assess the most appropriate way of describing two variables through the use of a monotonic function. The Spearman’s rho is used mostly when both independent and dependent variables are ordinal, or when one of the variables is a continuous one, and the other an ordinal numeric. Conversely, Spearman’s rho may be used when the variables being measured are both continuous. In the article by Messina, Scott, Ganey, Zipp and Mathis it is clear that the use of the Spearman’s rho is very plausible. This is because patient satisfaction is not only the independent variable in Messina’s research analysis but also a continuous variable. At the same time, patient admission across teaching and nonteaching hospitals acts as both a dependent and continuous variable. Thus, in this work by Messina et al. the Spearman’s rho is used to study the relations that exist between the dependent variable and independent variable, and these variables are being represented by the volume that has been measured by admissions and the patient contentment mean score respectively. The use of Spearman’s rho’s correlation analysis is seen in the fact that Messina and his companions carried out the analysis on a pooled sample of seven nonteaching and seven teaching hospitals. It is from this development that the differences between the subsamples in teaching and nonteaching hospitals are analyzed through the use of Mann-Whitney U-Test. From this juncture, it became possible to determine whether or not there is an e xplicit association between admissions and patient satisfaction mean score in respect to the two variables. As one reads the study, it becomes clear that the mean for all admissions in teaching and nonteaching hospitals is 19,111 within the time frame of 1999-2003. The range is from 4,513 to 70,465. The mean score for the aggregate patient satisfaction is 82.57 within the five-year timeframe. The minimum aggregate is 79.0 while the maximum is 86.18. The use of Kurtosis as a form of descriptive analysis indicates that the mean score for patient satisfaction was normally distributed. In a nutshell, the use of the Spearman’s rho indicates a strong negative correlation between hospital admission within a given sample and patient satisfaction (rs = -.287, P = .018). The import of all these results is that lower inpatient volumes (in both teaching and nonteaching hospitals) are compatible with or relatable to higher patient satisfaction mean scores. 2) Comments on the Variables Use d and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient It is a fact that the variables that have been used by Messina, Scott, Ganey, Zipp and Mathis (2009) are very appropriate and applicable to the determination of the Spearman’s rho. Spearman’s rho determines the statistical independence between two variables, and it is a fact that Messina and his group use two variables: patient satisfaction and inpatient admissions in teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Again, just as Maturi and Abdelfattah (2008) explain, the Spearman’s rho is applicable in an area where one variable is continuous and the other an ordinal numeric, or where both variables are continuous in nature. Messina’s et al. (2009) independent (patient satisfaction) and dependent (inpatient admissions in teaching and nonteaching hospitals) variables are both continuous. These characteristics make the variables used qualify for Spearman’s rho analysis, so that, in light of the specific requirements o f SRCC, there is

Supply Chain Human Rights in Clothing Retailers

Supply Chain Human Rights in Clothing Retailers EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present report is about the Importance of upholding human standards of the workers both inside and outside their home countries in the large clothing retailers. Human rights still remain to be one of the most challenging issues all over the world because of international variations in politics, history, social and cultural differences. The implementation of human rights, however, does not go unexcused in any place of situation regardless of the circumstances. Upholding of human rights is very important and it is the fundamental right of every human being. This report specifically focused on the Clothing Retailers operating in the United Kingdom. These include: Nike, Gap, Levi Strauss and Marks and Spencer. The task of this report was to examine how these multinational firms uphold human rights in their operations all over the world. The report has found out that among other factors, globalisation also contributed to a great extent for international firms to violate human rights. In the 1980s, shaped by globalization, clothing retailers and brand manufacturers were forced to source their produce and manufactured goods from low-wage, economically less developed countries. These less developed countries were in most cases characterised by child labour, sexual harassment, and intolerable working conditions. Global awareness about inhuman conditions in working places drew together voices of numerous activists from all over the world to divert the trend. During the 1970s, various national and multinational organization, Non governmental organization and trade unions accused these clothing retailers companies for violating human rights. These multinational companies were specifically blamed for their failure to put into consideration the economic level of less developed countries in which they operated. This criticism led to establishment of voluntary labour codes by these companies in an effort to uphold their image. Most of these voluntary labour codes adopted principles in the International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions. Among other things, this report examines the historical aspect of clothing retailers and the challenges involved in upholding human rights in their supply chain production. The report further examines the role played by these clothing retailers in upholding human rights in their operations all over the world. CHAPTER ONE: 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1. Introduction Human rights or sometimes referred to as natural rights are free and fundamental liberties entitled to an individual without the interference from any government or group of people for whatever reasons. A persons civil liberties are protected by the constitutions that define them and the organizations that exist to promote them. Under any circumstances the implementation of human rights does not go unexcused in any place or situation. Every individual regardless of his/her social economic status deserves to be treated with dignity. But due to rapid economic development, multinational companies are becoming more susceptible to violating human rights because of increasing international competition, undistributed wealth, and weak national laws (Krage, 2007). The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization (2004) in one of its reports indicated that the global economy is changing in many ways. These massive changes affect multinational investment, capital markets, technology and business, more specifically impacting companies, consumers, workers and governments. The report further concludes that globalization has led to interdependence in economic relations that has created more opportunities for the advancement in business, investment, finance, organization of global production, and also more social and political interaction between organizations and individual around the world (World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004). It is unfortunate that not all countries are developing with the same pace and outcomes. Some countries specifically the developing countries, cannot utilize these rapidly growing expansion to their advantages (Misol, 2006). For example, there are plenty of evidences that increasing g lobal competition puts workers human rights in jeopardy because company protection standards are lowered and an employees civil liberties are often denied (Christerson and Applelbaum, 1995; Hathcote and Nam, 1999). In the 1970s, considerable criticism was raised against multinational companies regarding their operations in less developed countries. Nongovernmental organizations, national and international trade unions and many host countries raised concern that these multinational companies carried out their activities without giving any considerable and attention to host countries where they subcontracting or outsourcing their clothing factories to the economic and social development of those countries. This endless criticism by a number of activists from all over parts of the world led to the establishment of voluntary labour codes of conduct by these multinational companies (White and Taft, 2004). This report therefore is a result of the search of literature review regarding the upholding of human rights standards by large clothing retailers in their day to day operations, both within their countries of origin and overseas. 1.2 Aims and Objectives The general aim of this report is to examine the trend of large clothing retailers in upholding human rights in their operations with particular emphasis to those operating in the United Kingdom. These multinational large clothing retailers in question are: Nike, Gap, Marks Spencer and Levi Straus. To realize the desired aim, the report focused on the following objectives: Â · To explore the historical background with regard to textile sector and their compliance to human rights. Â · To examine the rise of the ethical business and the effects of Voluntary Labour Standards (Codes of Conduct) in the textile industry. Â · To examine the role played by these multinational large clothing retailers in upholding human rights as well as challenges facing them. CHAPTER TWO: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 Human Rights, Ethics and Business Ethics defined Human rights, ethics and business ethics defined in differently ways by different authors and all the definitions in the essence of the same thing. According to Rory Sullivan, he define Human rights as a moral right that apply to all employees in all nations regardless and acknowledge and protects those rights in the sense that human right are said to be unchangeable. On the other hand, Boddy (2005) argues that human rights means the idea that people have fundamental rights and liberties, and affected, those rights include consent, privacy, conscience, free speech, fair treatment and to life and safe. Similarly, the United National Universal Declaration for Human Rights (UDHR) defines human rights as a way of the incorporated economic, social cultural rights, such as right to work, right for educations, respect for their culture and a decent standard of living (Rude Mares). Crane (2007) refers as the ethics as the study of morality and the application of reason to explain special rul es and principles that determine right and wrong for a given situation at given time, those rules and doctrine are called ethical theories. However Fritz et al, (1999), and Hunt et al (1989) define ethical company as the conduct of conduct which are positively related to employees organizational commitment. Boddy (2005) define ethics as code of right principles and values that guide the actions of people and groups through set standard of the behaviour which is acceptable, especially when an action or decision can harm others. Taylor (1975) define business ethics as the business environment and basis of right decision, principles, and set of laws of the ways of carrying out the businesses activities between different parties within the organization, such as employees, customers, suppliers and the shareholders in the determination of the what is right or wrong to all parties. White and Taft (2004) indicate that ethics have been divided into two main categories, namely: teleological and deontological. With teleological ethics the emphasis is on the consequences or results of actions. This approach to ethics takes no accoun t of whether actions are rights or wrong but rather depends on whether harm or good results from the action. On the other hand, the teleological theories, includes utilitarianism, egoism, and care. The essence of the approach maintain that acts do not have intrinsic value but should be evaluated on the basis of the actions they produce and their effects others. The utilitarianism approach is based on the early ideas from Jeremy Benthams belief in empiricism and that of John Stuart Mill in the 18th century (Rosenstad, 1997; Velasquez, 1998). Utilitarianism takes a societal perspective on costs and benefits of ethical choice, indicating that any action should be evaluated in terms of its consequences. The idea is to determine how much good or harm it causes and the effects it impart on all parties. Utilitarianism is thus meant to promote the welfare of all persons by minimizing harm and maximizing benefits. This approach gives much attention to achieving desirable effects to many people taking into consideration human rights. The recent United States health care policy is seen as one of the utilitarian-driven public policy decision, in which the change is geared to a system that provides fundamental health and illness services to everyone. With deontological approach to ethics, White and Taft (2004) explain that an action or a decision in itself has intrinsically good or bad (or right or wrong) and thus it cant be judged by the mere results. Rights, justice, fairness, truth-telling, and virtue ethics form the deontological approach of reasoning. For example, a moral person would based on what is rights to her or him in making an ethical decision, putting into consideration the moral principles, rules or regulations, regardless of the circumstances of results. 2.1.2 Sourcing in the Textile Industry Christerson and Appelbaum, (1995) pointed that during the nineties there was a massive shift in the manufacturing of clothing to low wage countries throughout the world. International companies sourced products internationally in order to achieve a cost advantage. Traditionally, the framework of competition in the textile/clothing sector is described by dividing operators into two different strategic groups in terms of production management models. Firstly, there is a group identifiable as clothing operators (either manufactures or retailers). This group is primarily concerned with designing, modelling, forecasting and contributing to the development of fashion trends. Firms in this category are busy working on marketing strategies of product designed and proposed long before the actual time of consumption. The second group includes firms that compete with one another on the basis of their ability to adjust to the fashion trends imposed by others. By doing this they ensure speed and reliability to their already secured markets. These firms compensate for the lack of product planning by virtue of a production management model whose main characteristics are rapidity and flexibility. The two groups, therefore, have different factors that lie behind their success. In the first group, priority in their operations is to make sure that they have good command and influence fashion trends associated with a strong brand image. In the second group, the emphasis is on effective marketing strategies (Hathcote and Nam, 1999). Stiff competition, shaped by globalization, clothing retailers and brand manufacturers were forced to sourced their produce and manufactured goods to low-wage, economically less developed countries (Crewe, 2004; Klein, 2000). Consequently the late 1980s and early 1990s saw traditional European and U.S. based garment and footwear companies start off shoring and outsourcing much of their production from developing countries (Jones, 2005). This trend was particularly visible in low-skilled industries, such as the garment, footwear, and toy industries (Christerson and Appelbaum, 1995; Hathcote and Nam, 1999). Under conditions of competition, individuals cannot comply with moral norms. This leads to higher costs which in turn leave them worse off than their competitors. Situations like this systematically lead to an erosion of compliance with moral norms. Via evolution, individuals behaving morally will be signed out. Karl Marx and Max Weber saw this problem clearly. Both pointed out that competitive market makes it impossible for single individuals to follow the calls of morality and self-interest at the same time. The structures of society have changed in modern times, but ethical concepts and categories have at least to a large extent not changed. Most conceptions of ethics still require us to be moderate, to share, to redistribute, to sacrifice. They call for altruism, for the priority of common good and the like. The pursuit of self interest, of individual advantages, is often still ultimately seen as something like and evil drive that needs to be tamed (Christoph, 2005). Globalization has therefore been one of the factors for previous human rights violations in many multinational companies (Misol, 2006). Ambitious to mass super profits, these multinational companies embarked on child labour exploitation, suppression of labour rights in their supply chains. This led to persistence public outcry that helped to amplify global awareness about the injustices and human rights violations done by multinational companies in their chain supply production. 2.1.3 The Rise of Ethical Business and Corporate Social Responsibility There is a wide spread attention and interest in self-regulation, corporate social responsibility that continually press many companies to adhere to human rights in their operations. Ethical business, involving corporate codes of conduct for worker welfare and environmental protection, it is a subject that has attracted significant interest from academicians, the media and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) for many years now (Hughes, 2005). (Crane et al 2007) indicate how the importance of business ethics it is, in attracting different massive amount attention for various people example the shouter of the consumers and pressure groups that appearing to have an increasing of the challenging the firms in the asking of the more ethical and reasonably ways of doing business. Ethical business has emerged since the early 1990s as a specific example of corporate social responsibility, most commonly involving the establishment of minimum labour standards for producers in supply chains (Hathcote and Nam, 1999). Blowfield (1999), however, highlights that the issue of ethical business is broadened to incorporate a wider range of standards, including those concerned with the environment. Furthermore corporate social responsibility stand in the implementation for set core values that includes avoiding human rights abuses, upholding the right for the workers to join or form labour unions, elimination of compulsory and child labour and avoiding workplace discrimination (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2008) However people like the later Rev. Leon Sullivan had been much concerned about code of conduct of human rights in workplace and in 1999, he developed a set of guidelines for corporate social responsibility, he argue that for the companies operations around the world should support and follow the Global Sullivan of corporate social responsibility. The aim and objectives was to maintain economic, social, and political justice by companies where they are doing business, to support human rights and to encourage equal opportunity at all levels of employment in developed and developing countries (www.thesullivanfoundation.org). Concerns in the early 1990s over child labour, physical and verbal abuse and violations of core labour rights in the production of toys, soccer balls, rugs, and garments marked the beginning of a wave of anti-sweatshop protests and media campaigns (Varley, 1998). Some of the earliest campaigns focused on production in China for companies like Levi Strauss and others, where the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989 and U.S.-China trade negotiations drew special attention to human rights abuses. Bonacich and Appelbaum (2000) mentioned other anti-sweatshop protests that brought remarkable attention regarding human rights violations were those that showed child labour in the production of soccer balls in Pakistan, rugs in India, and garments in Bangladesh and Honduras. One of the most dramatic early sweatshop scandals occurred in the U.S, in the Los Angeles, California suburb of EI Monte. It was there, in 1995, that government inspectors discovered Thai immigrants working as indentured serv ants in an apartment complex, sewing garments to be sold by major retailers, including Montgomery Ward, Target, and Sears (Su 1997). The next year, labour rights activists brought sweatshops further into the American media spotlight, by exposing child labour in a Honduran factory producing Kathie Lee Giffords line of clothing for Wal-Mart, as well as a New York City sweatshop also producing Kathie Lee Giffords brand (Bonacich and Appelbaum 2000). Further to this, the suppression of labour rights in Indonesia, El Salvador, and several shocking instances of physical abuse in other parts of the developing world raised concern. In the early 1990s activists first accused footwear companies like Nike, Wal-Mart, and the Gap of profiting from exploitation, child labour, and the suppression of labour rights in their supply chains. These companies, however, responded by denying the responsibility (Hughes, 2005). According to Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger (2008) activists also accused International business specifically in the case of the multinational companies for ignores human rights by exploited workers around the world mostly in labour standard; low wages factories in developing countries by create substandard working conditions, example for the sweatshops in Asia where they imported clothing and auto workers in Mexico. Jenkins et al (2002) argue that the rise of voluntary corporate code of conduct in the 1990s can be linked to some extent to the processes of globalization. They mention the specific drivers of voluntary ethical trading initiatives as being: a) the growth of global supply chains that extend beyond the reach of national governments; b) the rise in the power of corporate brands and reputation, which makes large companies vulnerable to negative publicity; c) an increase in public awareness of overseas production conditions via improvements in global communications; and d) the growing importance to the investment community of ethical performance on the part of public companies. Furthermore, there were various initiatives concerned with labour and environmental issues that were categorized as ethical business. These included: (1) Multistakeholder organizations such as the UK Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), the Dutch Fair Wear Foundation, and the Fair Labour Association and Worker Rights Consortium in the USA, which all set minimum labour standards for producers; (2) labelling initiatives such as the Kenya Flower Council, which cover industry-specific environmental and labour standards; (3) individual corporate initiatives for establishing minimum standards in supply chains (Blowfield, 1999). These early initiatives were among the significant steps in promoting ethical business. Blowfield (1999) and Jenkins et al, (2002) argue that these initiatives also developed within the context of the United Nations Global Compact such as international standards which aimed to promote corporate citizenship in the global economy. Despite the organizational differences between existing ethical trading initiatives, most companies used some kind of code of conduct as the key tool for establishing workplace standards. 2.1.4 Voluntary Labour Standards (Codes of Conduct) Pressures on multinational companies by anti-sweatshop groups, labour unions, shareholders, activists, and consumer groups played an important role for companies to adopt labour standards. Standards refer with corporate code standard mention International by ILO (International Labour Organization) to the extent to which is explicitly or implicitly can either be done through the inclusion of the basic provisions of international organizations in the corporate codes standards (Van Tulder Kolk, 2002). Similarly, there were also greater pressures from governmental campaigns all over the world. Where in European countries, some of the government such as France were be advocating for greater attention to human rights in the sphere of international business. Along with such efforts from various countries, the European Commission had been carried out a research in the international subcontracting companies about the social aspect of textile clothing and footwear firms. Aiming to the extent in which the researches discover that these multinational companies adhered to human rights in their operations (Kolk and van Tulder, 2002). In 1996, President Clinton Launched the White House Apparel Industry on Workplace Standard (AIP), he launched the AIP after seen the violation of human rights in the clothing industries by multinational companies, the aim was to established standards and to ensure apparel and footwear were not made under sweatshops working conditions (Meyer and De Wit (2004). Due to the human right violation in textiles sectors precisely in the sweatshops conditions, The Clinton Administration established campaign against sweatshops in the clothing Textiles worked under sweatshops conditions in USA, the campaign was called No-Sweat and was introduced for the purpose fighting against sweatshops in which resulted to establishment of the Trendsetter List of companies in the Textiles Clothing and Footwear Factories. The campaign was aiming for the Clothing Textiles Factories to respect human rights and labour legislation in the production and marketing activities of the clothing and footwear in general, to make sure that both the clothing companies and their subcontracting companies as are, they must significant put into consideration and respecting these rights. The lack of the about not respect the rights, a number of labour legislation and human rights had been identified by the Department of Labour in the Textiles Clothing and Footwear factories, in subcontracting in particular of apparel production, facing the multinational companies, that was exploitation with a number of cases involving in human rights particularly the immigrant workers in sweatshops established on the United States regional, took steps to clean up the sectors. However, United States boundary put up on the sweatshops issue, took up steps to clean the sector (Elliot and Freeman (2001). Specifically in the area of child labour and, for example, the United States Government took a number of steps to alleviate the problems. Between 1994 and 1996 because of the important of the issue, the Bureau of International Labour affairs managed to organize three public gatherings to have views on child labour. These public platforms brought together a number of activists and the public at large to discuss various issues related to child labour. Specifically, they focused on the worst conditions of child abuse in the less developed countries that they exported products to the United States. A number of resolutions were made but all geared to put to end the merciless violations of human rights and child labour (Elliot and Freeman (2001). The Association of the Clothing Manufacturers of the USA and the Amalgamated Clothing Textiles Workers Union in 1995 agreed to have a National Branch for Collective Agreement. The agreement among other things included: the need to establish minimum standards regarding number of working hours, wages, and working conditions. In addition, the agreement also focused on a number of issues ranging from non-intolerance forced work, child employee, liberty of association, to occupational safety and health (White and Taft, 2004; and Giwerth, 1982). This was a trend in many parts of the world. Several national and multinational organizations and trade unions endeavoured to draw attention to respect human rights. Pressures from activities increased the formation of human rights association and in 1998 established of the Fair Labour Associations (FLA) to the overseas compliance, the Workplace Code of Conduct. The goals of Fair Labour Association (FLA) were for the companies required to monitor t heir own factories and their subcontractors to make sure there is compliance of the Code of Conduct in the textile factories (Meyer and De Wit, 2004). Klein (1999) pointed out that many firms had invested heavily in branding and reputation capital and therefore any high profile scandals and political pressures could tarnish their reputation. In the face of such pressure, it was not surprising that firms adopted voluntary standards to try to deflect criticism, pre-empt regulation, and signal their social responsibility to consumers and investors. The important factor in adoption of voluntary labour codes was to uphold public image which the company wanted to project to its customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders. Thus the clothing retailers public image became important than anything else. These multinational companies worked hard to clear their images and had no option but to promote codes of conduct. The public image was particularly important because it determined the extent to which the companys products could be bought. Given the rapidly growing competition in the global markets and communication in technology, it was essential for a company to improve the working conditions in its operations and retain its good image to customers (Kolk and van 2002). The United Nation Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 (Schulz, 2001). The declaration proclaims on the issue of the slavery or servitude subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment put them into detention or exile and arbitrary arrest subjected. Moreover the declaration goes on to proclaim that everyone needs to live in liberty and everyone have a right to security, everyone have equal protection against any discrimination, and everyone have a the rights for work, everyone have free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work, and to protection against unemployment as a result of discrimination has entitled. The international Labour organization (ILO) was created in 1919 as a tripartite organization of government, business, and union representatives from 174 nations. Since then, it has adopted 177 lengthy labour conventions or standards. Seven of these are considered fundamental human rights, addressing issues such as forced labour, equal pay for men and women, discrimination in the workplace, and the minimum age for employment (White and Taft, 2004). Organizations such as Amnesty International have specified clearly workers right such as freedom of association, the right of collective bargaining and working conditions and soon. The organization is for Human Rights and as Watch Report on human rights well being all around the world and strives to ensure the protection and progression of them as well. Amnesty International is an organization whose vision was derived from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was adopted by the General Assembly Resolution in 1948. It is adopted for the reasons monitoring the protection and standard of human rights as were established in thirty articles that later set the primary foundation to the policies and standard that carried out by NGOs and other agencies with the purpose to protect and promote fundamental rights (www.amnesty.org). The Social Accountability International (SAI), established in 1977, is an organization that for promotes human rights for workers around the world. Its SA8000 standards are obtained from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) convention. The standards are designed to make workplace more humane and also to offer more benefits for the companies and its employees. Employees that work under SA8000 standards they have profit from the enhanced opportunity of collective bargaining and to organize trade unions. Also, employees become more educated about their rights which in turn, commits to have assurance for a better work environment. The companies as whole, benefits from the SA8000 guidelines because it strengthens and put company values into action and enhances the company reputation (Krage, 2007). The International Labour Organization Declaration (ILO) on the Fundamental Principles at work were adopted in 1998 and was an expression of commitment by governments, employers and workers organizations to uphold basic human rights (Kolk et al 2001).The Declaration covers four areas; liberty of the trade union and the right to collective bargaining, elimination of forced and compulsory work, Abolition of child employee and elimination of discrimination of human rights. The Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights were developed by governments of the U.S. UK, Norway, Netherlands and NGOs, who all were have the common interest in human rights and corporate social responsibility (voluntaryprinciple.org). There were six principles that all participants agents agreed on in order to promote and protect human rights in multinational companies. The six Voluntary Principle as stated on their website are as follows: acknowledge that security is a fundamental need; Understanding that governments have the primary responsibility to promote and protect human rights; Particularly those set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human rights; Emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the integrity of company personnel and property; Taking note of the effect of those companies, activities and decisions affect the local community; Understanding that useful, credible information is a major component of security and human rights. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is multi-stakeholder governed institution that provides global standards for the promotion of sustainable development. Judy Henderson, immediate past-Chair, Board of Directors says The GRI is a unique, multi-stakeholder organization founded on the conviction consistent, regular and comparable reporting, provides transparency and can be a powerful catalyst to improve performance (globalreporting.org). There are nearly 1000 organization in over 60 countries that have established their involvement with the GRI reporting framework. This reporting framework guides corporations and organizations on the reporting their sustainability performance to promote company progression and improvement in all area of business. The reporting guidelines contain principles, guidance, and standard disclosures that formulate a structure that cooperating organizations can voluntarily adopt (www.globalreporting.org). The UNs Global Compact is a purely voluntary guide to promoting responsible corporate citizenship. Its two main objectives are: to mainstream its ten (10) principles in business activities around the world and initiate actions to support United Nations goals (www.unglobalcompact.org) 2.1.5 Adoption of Voluntary Labour Standards (Codes of Conduct) by Multinational Companies and their Impact The rapid diffusion of labour standards (codes of conduct) stems from the response to external pressures (actual or threatened) from media, activists, government, and consumers (Shaw, 1999). In a like manner, (H Supply Chain Human Rights in Clothing Retailers Supply Chain Human Rights in Clothing Retailers EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present report is about the Importance of upholding human standards of the workers both inside and outside their home countries in the large clothing retailers. Human rights still remain to be one of the most challenging issues all over the world because of international variations in politics, history, social and cultural differences. The implementation of human rights, however, does not go unexcused in any place of situation regardless of the circumstances. Upholding of human rights is very important and it is the fundamental right of every human being. This report specifically focused on the Clothing Retailers operating in the United Kingdom. These include: Nike, Gap, Levi Strauss and Marks and Spencer. The task of this report was to examine how these multinational firms uphold human rights in their operations all over the world. The report has found out that among other factors, globalisation also contributed to a great extent for international firms to violate human rights. In the 1980s, shaped by globalization, clothing retailers and brand manufacturers were forced to source their produce and manufactured goods from low-wage, economically less developed countries. These less developed countries were in most cases characterised by child labour, sexual harassment, and intolerable working conditions. Global awareness about inhuman conditions in working places drew together voices of numerous activists from all over the world to divert the trend. During the 1970s, various national and multinational organization, Non governmental organization and trade unions accused these clothing retailers companies for violating human rights. These multinational companies were specifically blamed for their failure to put into consideration the economic level of less developed countries in which they operated. This criticism led to establishment of voluntary labour codes by these companies in an effort to uphold their image. Most of these voluntary labour codes adopted principles in the International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions. Among other things, this report examines the historical aspect of clothing retailers and the challenges involved in upholding human rights in their supply chain production. The report further examines the role played by these clothing retailers in upholding human rights in their operations all over the world. CHAPTER ONE: 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1. Introduction Human rights or sometimes referred to as natural rights are free and fundamental liberties entitled to an individual without the interference from any government or group of people for whatever reasons. A persons civil liberties are protected by the constitutions that define them and the organizations that exist to promote them. Under any circumstances the implementation of human rights does not go unexcused in any place or situation. Every individual regardless of his/her social economic status deserves to be treated with dignity. But due to rapid economic development, multinational companies are becoming more susceptible to violating human rights because of increasing international competition, undistributed wealth, and weak national laws (Krage, 2007). The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization (2004) in one of its reports indicated that the global economy is changing in many ways. These massive changes affect multinational investment, capital markets, technology and business, more specifically impacting companies, consumers, workers and governments. The report further concludes that globalization has led to interdependence in economic relations that has created more opportunities for the advancement in business, investment, finance, organization of global production, and also more social and political interaction between organizations and individual around the world (World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004). It is unfortunate that not all countries are developing with the same pace and outcomes. Some countries specifically the developing countries, cannot utilize these rapidly growing expansion to their advantages (Misol, 2006). For example, there are plenty of evidences that increasing g lobal competition puts workers human rights in jeopardy because company protection standards are lowered and an employees civil liberties are often denied (Christerson and Applelbaum, 1995; Hathcote and Nam, 1999). In the 1970s, considerable criticism was raised against multinational companies regarding their operations in less developed countries. Nongovernmental organizations, national and international trade unions and many host countries raised concern that these multinational companies carried out their activities without giving any considerable and attention to host countries where they subcontracting or outsourcing their clothing factories to the economic and social development of those countries. This endless criticism by a number of activists from all over parts of the world led to the establishment of voluntary labour codes of conduct by these multinational companies (White and Taft, 2004). This report therefore is a result of the search of literature review regarding the upholding of human rights standards by large clothing retailers in their day to day operations, both within their countries of origin and overseas. 1.2 Aims and Objectives The general aim of this report is to examine the trend of large clothing retailers in upholding human rights in their operations with particular emphasis to those operating in the United Kingdom. These multinational large clothing retailers in question are: Nike, Gap, Marks Spencer and Levi Straus. To realize the desired aim, the report focused on the following objectives: Â · To explore the historical background with regard to textile sector and their compliance to human rights. Â · To examine the rise of the ethical business and the effects of Voluntary Labour Standards (Codes of Conduct) in the textile industry. Â · To examine the role played by these multinational large clothing retailers in upholding human rights as well as challenges facing them. CHAPTER TWO: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 Human Rights, Ethics and Business Ethics defined Human rights, ethics and business ethics defined in differently ways by different authors and all the definitions in the essence of the same thing. According to Rory Sullivan, he define Human rights as a moral right that apply to all employees in all nations regardless and acknowledge and protects those rights in the sense that human right are said to be unchangeable. On the other hand, Boddy (2005) argues that human rights means the idea that people have fundamental rights and liberties, and affected, those rights include consent, privacy, conscience, free speech, fair treatment and to life and safe. Similarly, the United National Universal Declaration for Human Rights (UDHR) defines human rights as a way of the incorporated economic, social cultural rights, such as right to work, right for educations, respect for their culture and a decent standard of living (Rude Mares). Crane (2007) refers as the ethics as the study of morality and the application of reason to explain special rul es and principles that determine right and wrong for a given situation at given time, those rules and doctrine are called ethical theories. However Fritz et al, (1999), and Hunt et al (1989) define ethical company as the conduct of conduct which are positively related to employees organizational commitment. Boddy (2005) define ethics as code of right principles and values that guide the actions of people and groups through set standard of the behaviour which is acceptable, especially when an action or decision can harm others. Taylor (1975) define business ethics as the business environment and basis of right decision, principles, and set of laws of the ways of carrying out the businesses activities between different parties within the organization, such as employees, customers, suppliers and the shareholders in the determination of the what is right or wrong to all parties. White and Taft (2004) indicate that ethics have been divided into two main categories, namely: teleological and deontological. With teleological ethics the emphasis is on the consequences or results of actions. This approach to ethics takes no accoun t of whether actions are rights or wrong but rather depends on whether harm or good results from the action. On the other hand, the teleological theories, includes utilitarianism, egoism, and care. The essence of the approach maintain that acts do not have intrinsic value but should be evaluated on the basis of the actions they produce and their effects others. The utilitarianism approach is based on the early ideas from Jeremy Benthams belief in empiricism and that of John Stuart Mill in the 18th century (Rosenstad, 1997; Velasquez, 1998). Utilitarianism takes a societal perspective on costs and benefits of ethical choice, indicating that any action should be evaluated in terms of its consequences. The idea is to determine how much good or harm it causes and the effects it impart on all parties. Utilitarianism is thus meant to promote the welfare of all persons by minimizing harm and maximizing benefits. This approach gives much attention to achieving desirable effects to many people taking into consideration human rights. The recent United States health care policy is seen as one of the utilitarian-driven public policy decision, in which the change is geared to a system that provides fundamental health and illness services to everyone. With deontological approach to ethics, White and Taft (2004) explain that an action or a decision in itself has intrinsically good or bad (or right or wrong) and thus it cant be judged by the mere results. Rights, justice, fairness, truth-telling, and virtue ethics form the deontological approach of reasoning. For example, a moral person would based on what is rights to her or him in making an ethical decision, putting into consideration the moral principles, rules or regulations, regardless of the circumstances of results. 2.1.2 Sourcing in the Textile Industry Christerson and Appelbaum, (1995) pointed that during the nineties there was a massive shift in the manufacturing of clothing to low wage countries throughout the world. International companies sourced products internationally in order to achieve a cost advantage. Traditionally, the framework of competition in the textile/clothing sector is described by dividing operators into two different strategic groups in terms of production management models. Firstly, there is a group identifiable as clothing operators (either manufactures or retailers). This group is primarily concerned with designing, modelling, forecasting and contributing to the development of fashion trends. Firms in this category are busy working on marketing strategies of product designed and proposed long before the actual time of consumption. The second group includes firms that compete with one another on the basis of their ability to adjust to the fashion trends imposed by others. By doing this they ensure speed and reliability to their already secured markets. These firms compensate for the lack of product planning by virtue of a production management model whose main characteristics are rapidity and flexibility. The two groups, therefore, have different factors that lie behind their success. In the first group, priority in their operations is to make sure that they have good command and influence fashion trends associated with a strong brand image. In the second group, the emphasis is on effective marketing strategies (Hathcote and Nam, 1999). Stiff competition, shaped by globalization, clothing retailers and brand manufacturers were forced to sourced their produce and manufactured goods to low-wage, economically less developed countries (Crewe, 2004; Klein, 2000). Consequently the late 1980s and early 1990s saw traditional European and U.S. based garment and footwear companies start off shoring and outsourcing much of their production from developing countries (Jones, 2005). This trend was particularly visible in low-skilled industries, such as the garment, footwear, and toy industries (Christerson and Appelbaum, 1995; Hathcote and Nam, 1999). Under conditions of competition, individuals cannot comply with moral norms. This leads to higher costs which in turn leave them worse off than their competitors. Situations like this systematically lead to an erosion of compliance with moral norms. Via evolution, individuals behaving morally will be signed out. Karl Marx and Max Weber saw this problem clearly. Both pointed out that competitive market makes it impossible for single individuals to follow the calls of morality and self-interest at the same time. The structures of society have changed in modern times, but ethical concepts and categories have at least to a large extent not changed. Most conceptions of ethics still require us to be moderate, to share, to redistribute, to sacrifice. They call for altruism, for the priority of common good and the like. The pursuit of self interest, of individual advantages, is often still ultimately seen as something like and evil drive that needs to be tamed (Christoph, 2005). Globalization has therefore been one of the factors for previous human rights violations in many multinational companies (Misol, 2006). Ambitious to mass super profits, these multinational companies embarked on child labour exploitation, suppression of labour rights in their supply chains. This led to persistence public outcry that helped to amplify global awareness about the injustices and human rights violations done by multinational companies in their chain supply production. 2.1.3 The Rise of Ethical Business and Corporate Social Responsibility There is a wide spread attention and interest in self-regulation, corporate social responsibility that continually press many companies to adhere to human rights in their operations. Ethical business, involving corporate codes of conduct for worker welfare and environmental protection, it is a subject that has attracted significant interest from academicians, the media and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) for many years now (Hughes, 2005). (Crane et al 2007) indicate how the importance of business ethics it is, in attracting different massive amount attention for various people example the shouter of the consumers and pressure groups that appearing to have an increasing of the challenging the firms in the asking of the more ethical and reasonably ways of doing business. Ethical business has emerged since the early 1990s as a specific example of corporate social responsibility, most commonly involving the establishment of minimum labour standards for producers in supply chains (Hathcote and Nam, 1999). Blowfield (1999), however, highlights that the issue of ethical business is broadened to incorporate a wider range of standards, including those concerned with the environment. Furthermore corporate social responsibility stand in the implementation for set core values that includes avoiding human rights abuses, upholding the right for the workers to join or form labour unions, elimination of compulsory and child labour and avoiding workplace discrimination (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2008) However people like the later Rev. Leon Sullivan had been much concerned about code of conduct of human rights in workplace and in 1999, he developed a set of guidelines for corporate social responsibility, he argue that for the companies operations around the world should support and follow the Global Sullivan of corporate social responsibility. The aim and objectives was to maintain economic, social, and political justice by companies where they are doing business, to support human rights and to encourage equal opportunity at all levels of employment in developed and developing countries (www.thesullivanfoundation.org). Concerns in the early 1990s over child labour, physical and verbal abuse and violations of core labour rights in the production of toys, soccer balls, rugs, and garments marked the beginning of a wave of anti-sweatshop protests and media campaigns (Varley, 1998). Some of the earliest campaigns focused on production in China for companies like Levi Strauss and others, where the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989 and U.S.-China trade negotiations drew special attention to human rights abuses. Bonacich and Appelbaum (2000) mentioned other anti-sweatshop protests that brought remarkable attention regarding human rights violations were those that showed child labour in the production of soccer balls in Pakistan, rugs in India, and garments in Bangladesh and Honduras. One of the most dramatic early sweatshop scandals occurred in the U.S, in the Los Angeles, California suburb of EI Monte. It was there, in 1995, that government inspectors discovered Thai immigrants working as indentured serv ants in an apartment complex, sewing garments to be sold by major retailers, including Montgomery Ward, Target, and Sears (Su 1997). The next year, labour rights activists brought sweatshops further into the American media spotlight, by exposing child labour in a Honduran factory producing Kathie Lee Giffords line of clothing for Wal-Mart, as well as a New York City sweatshop also producing Kathie Lee Giffords brand (Bonacich and Appelbaum 2000). Further to this, the suppression of labour rights in Indonesia, El Salvador, and several shocking instances of physical abuse in other parts of the developing world raised concern. In the early 1990s activists first accused footwear companies like Nike, Wal-Mart, and the Gap of profiting from exploitation, child labour, and the suppression of labour rights in their supply chains. These companies, however, responded by denying the responsibility (Hughes, 2005). According to Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger (2008) activists also accused International business specifically in the case of the multinational companies for ignores human rights by exploited workers around the world mostly in labour standard; low wages factories in developing countries by create substandard working conditions, example for the sweatshops in Asia where they imported clothing and auto workers in Mexico. Jenkins et al (2002) argue that the rise of voluntary corporate code of conduct in the 1990s can be linked to some extent to the processes of globalization. They mention the specific drivers of voluntary ethical trading initiatives as being: a) the growth of global supply chains that extend beyond the reach of national governments; b) the rise in the power of corporate brands and reputation, which makes large companies vulnerable to negative publicity; c) an increase in public awareness of overseas production conditions via improvements in global communications; and d) the growing importance to the investment community of ethical performance on the part of public companies. Furthermore, there were various initiatives concerned with labour and environmental issues that were categorized as ethical business. These included: (1) Multistakeholder organizations such as the UK Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), the Dutch Fair Wear Foundation, and the Fair Labour Association and Worker Rights Consortium in the USA, which all set minimum labour standards for producers; (2) labelling initiatives such as the Kenya Flower Council, which cover industry-specific environmental and labour standards; (3) individual corporate initiatives for establishing minimum standards in supply chains (Blowfield, 1999). These early initiatives were among the significant steps in promoting ethical business. Blowfield (1999) and Jenkins et al, (2002) argue that these initiatives also developed within the context of the United Nations Global Compact such as international standards which aimed to promote corporate citizenship in the global economy. Despite the organizational differences between existing ethical trading initiatives, most companies used some kind of code of conduct as the key tool for establishing workplace standards. 2.1.4 Voluntary Labour Standards (Codes of Conduct) Pressures on multinational companies by anti-sweatshop groups, labour unions, shareholders, activists, and consumer groups played an important role for companies to adopt labour standards. Standards refer with corporate code standard mention International by ILO (International Labour Organization) to the extent to which is explicitly or implicitly can either be done through the inclusion of the basic provisions of international organizations in the corporate codes standards (Van Tulder Kolk, 2002). Similarly, there were also greater pressures from governmental campaigns all over the world. Where in European countries, some of the government such as France were be advocating for greater attention to human rights in the sphere of international business. Along with such efforts from various countries, the European Commission had been carried out a research in the international subcontracting companies about the social aspect of textile clothing and footwear firms. Aiming to the extent in which the researches discover that these multinational companies adhered to human rights in their operations (Kolk and van Tulder, 2002). In 1996, President Clinton Launched the White House Apparel Industry on Workplace Standard (AIP), he launched the AIP after seen the violation of human rights in the clothing industries by multinational companies, the aim was to established standards and to ensure apparel and footwear were not made under sweatshops working conditions (Meyer and De Wit (2004). Due to the human right violation in textiles sectors precisely in the sweatshops conditions, The Clinton Administration established campaign against sweatshops in the clothing Textiles worked under sweatshops conditions in USA, the campaign was called No-Sweat and was introduced for the purpose fighting against sweatshops in which resulted to establishment of the Trendsetter List of companies in the Textiles Clothing and Footwear Factories. The campaign was aiming for the Clothing Textiles Factories to respect human rights and labour legislation in the production and marketing activities of the clothing and footwear in general, to make sure that both the clothing companies and their subcontracting companies as are, they must significant put into consideration and respecting these rights. The lack of the about not respect the rights, a number of labour legislation and human rights had been identified by the Department of Labour in the Textiles Clothing and Footwear factories, in subcontracting in particular of apparel production, facing the multinational companies, that was exploitation with a number of cases involving in human rights particularly the immigrant workers in sweatshops established on the United States regional, took steps to clean up the sectors. However, United States boundary put up on the sweatshops issue, took up steps to clean the sector (Elliot and Freeman (2001). Specifically in the area of child labour and, for example, the United States Government took a number of steps to alleviate the problems. Between 1994 and 1996 because of the important of the issue, the Bureau of International Labour affairs managed to organize three public gatherings to have views on child labour. These public platforms brought together a number of activists and the public at large to discuss various issues related to child labour. Specifically, they focused on the worst conditions of child abuse in the less developed countries that they exported products to the United States. A number of resolutions were made but all geared to put to end the merciless violations of human rights and child labour (Elliot and Freeman (2001). The Association of the Clothing Manufacturers of the USA and the Amalgamated Clothing Textiles Workers Union in 1995 agreed to have a National Branch for Collective Agreement. The agreement among other things included: the need to establish minimum standards regarding number of working hours, wages, and working conditions. In addition, the agreement also focused on a number of issues ranging from non-intolerance forced work, child employee, liberty of association, to occupational safety and health (White and Taft, 2004; and Giwerth, 1982). This was a trend in many parts of the world. Several national and multinational organizations and trade unions endeavoured to draw attention to respect human rights. Pressures from activities increased the formation of human rights association and in 1998 established of the Fair Labour Associations (FLA) to the overseas compliance, the Workplace Code of Conduct. The goals of Fair Labour Association (FLA) were for the companies required to monitor t heir own factories and their subcontractors to make sure there is compliance of the Code of Conduct in the textile factories (Meyer and De Wit, 2004). Klein (1999) pointed out that many firms had invested heavily in branding and reputation capital and therefore any high profile scandals and political pressures could tarnish their reputation. In the face of such pressure, it was not surprising that firms adopted voluntary standards to try to deflect criticism, pre-empt regulation, and signal their social responsibility to consumers and investors. The important factor in adoption of voluntary labour codes was to uphold public image which the company wanted to project to its customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders. Thus the clothing retailers public image became important than anything else. These multinational companies worked hard to clear their images and had no option but to promote codes of conduct. The public image was particularly important because it determined the extent to which the companys products could be bought. Given the rapidly growing competition in the global markets and communication in technology, it was essential for a company to improve the working conditions in its operations and retain its good image to customers (Kolk and van 2002). The United Nation Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 (Schulz, 2001). The declaration proclaims on the issue of the slavery or servitude subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment put them into detention or exile and arbitrary arrest subjected. Moreover the declaration goes on to proclaim that everyone needs to live in liberty and everyone have a right to security, everyone have equal protection against any discrimination, and everyone have a the rights for work, everyone have free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work, and to protection against unemployment as a result of discrimination has entitled. The international Labour organization (ILO) was created in 1919 as a tripartite organization of government, business, and union representatives from 174 nations. Since then, it has adopted 177 lengthy labour conventions or standards. Seven of these are considered fundamental human rights, addressing issues such as forced labour, equal pay for men and women, discrimination in the workplace, and the minimum age for employment (White and Taft, 2004). Organizations such as Amnesty International have specified clearly workers right such as freedom of association, the right of collective bargaining and working conditions and soon. The organization is for Human Rights and as Watch Report on human rights well being all around the world and strives to ensure the protection and progression of them as well. Amnesty International is an organization whose vision was derived from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was adopted by the General Assembly Resolution in 1948. It is adopted for the reasons monitoring the protection and standard of human rights as were established in thirty articles that later set the primary foundation to the policies and standard that carried out by NGOs and other agencies with the purpose to protect and promote fundamental rights (www.amnesty.org). The Social Accountability International (SAI), established in 1977, is an organization that for promotes human rights for workers around the world. Its SA8000 standards are obtained from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) convention. The standards are designed to make workplace more humane and also to offer more benefits for the companies and its employees. Employees that work under SA8000 standards they have profit from the enhanced opportunity of collective bargaining and to organize trade unions. Also, employees become more educated about their rights which in turn, commits to have assurance for a better work environment. The companies as whole, benefits from the SA8000 guidelines because it strengthens and put company values into action and enhances the company reputation (Krage, 2007). The International Labour Organization Declaration (ILO) on the Fundamental Principles at work were adopted in 1998 and was an expression of commitment by governments, employers and workers organizations to uphold basic human rights (Kolk et al 2001).The Declaration covers four areas; liberty of the trade union and the right to collective bargaining, elimination of forced and compulsory work, Abolition of child employee and elimination of discrimination of human rights. The Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights were developed by governments of the U.S. UK, Norway, Netherlands and NGOs, who all were have the common interest in human rights and corporate social responsibility (voluntaryprinciple.org). There were six principles that all participants agents agreed on in order to promote and protect human rights in multinational companies. The six Voluntary Principle as stated on their website are as follows: acknowledge that security is a fundamental need; Understanding that governments have the primary responsibility to promote and protect human rights; Particularly those set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human rights; Emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the integrity of company personnel and property; Taking note of the effect of those companies, activities and decisions affect the local community; Understanding that useful, credible information is a major component of security and human rights. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is multi-stakeholder governed institution that provides global standards for the promotion of sustainable development. Judy Henderson, immediate past-Chair, Board of Directors says The GRI is a unique, multi-stakeholder organization founded on the conviction consistent, regular and comparable reporting, provides transparency and can be a powerful catalyst to improve performance (globalreporting.org). There are nearly 1000 organization in over 60 countries that have established their involvement with the GRI reporting framework. This reporting framework guides corporations and organizations on the reporting their sustainability performance to promote company progression and improvement in all area of business. The reporting guidelines contain principles, guidance, and standard disclosures that formulate a structure that cooperating organizations can voluntarily adopt (www.globalreporting.org). The UNs Global Compact is a purely voluntary guide to promoting responsible corporate citizenship. Its two main objectives are: to mainstream its ten (10) principles in business activities around the world and initiate actions to support United Nations goals (www.unglobalcompact.org) 2.1.5 Adoption of Voluntary Labour Standards (Codes of Conduct) by Multinational Companies and their Impact The rapid diffusion of labour standards (codes of conduct) stems from the response to external pressures (actual or threatened) from media, activists, government, and consumers (Shaw, 1999). In a like manner, (H